Bibliography

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

Ambrose, Stephen E. Nothing Like It in the World, The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. A popular history of the building of the transcontinental railroad, which was the 19th century's engineering equivalent of the 20th century's interstate highway system. In fact, Interstate 80 from Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California, largely follows the old railroad line.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Interstate: The States and the Interstates: Research on the Planning, Design and Construction of the Interstate and Defense Highway System. Washington D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1991. This book records the experiences state engineers and highway officials had in building the interstates and the lessons they learned. A part of this book looks at the impact of the environmental movement during the turbulent 1960s and 1970s and provides an illuminating record of the perceptions and reactions of state highway officials to this new issue.

American Association of State Highway Officials. Historic American Highways: Significant Incidents in the Development of Highway Transportation in Colonial America and the United States During More Than Four Centuries. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway Officials, 1953. An older work that contains wonderful short stories about transportation events from 1539-1945 with great maps and illustrations and a superbly done bibliography.

Andrews, Richard N.L. Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. This book is a solid comprehensive overview of governance and environmental policy from colonial times to the present. Andrews' treatment of 19th century history opens with a chapter "Land and Transport: Commercial Development as Environmental Policy (71-93).

Appleyard, Donald. Livable Streets. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981. This book by an urban design professor examines how streets, particularly San Francisco's, may be managed to make them more compatible with residential neighborhoods.

Armstrong, Ellis L. History of Public Works in the United States 1776-1976. Chicago: American Public Works Association, 1976. This is a good introductory work for engineers, as well as environmentalists, interested in the history of public infrastructure building in the United States.

Arnold, Henry F. Trees in Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1980. A wonderful book showing how trees enhance urban life and streets.

Barnett, Jonathan, editor. Planning for a New Century: The Regional Agenda. Washington, D.C.; Island Press, 2000. This book examines land use planning issues for the 21st century and argues for the need to plan regionally rather than locally. This work has essays on such topics as regional design, highway planning and land use, and restoring downtowns and older neighborhoods.

Berger, Michael L. The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001. This is a well-researched annotated bibliography nearly 500 pages in length. It most likely will be the standard reference work for the history of the automobile in the 20th century. This work has essays on such topics as regional design, highway planning and land use, and restoring downtowns and older neighborhoods.

Berger, Michael L. The Devil Wagon in God's Country: The Automobile and Social Change in Rural America, 1893-1929. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1979. This book is a history of the early years of the automobile and how this new invention gained social acceptance in rural America. The author, in this enjoyable study, provides sources that are not readily found in other works.

Bingham, Gail. Resolving Environmental Disputes: A Decade of Experience. Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1986. This book is a good primer on mediating environmental disputes and includes brief case studies on the Alewife subway stop (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Columbia bike paths (Columbia, Missouri), Illinois Tollway, and the expansion of Interstate 90 (Seattle, Washington).

Blake, Peter. Form Follows Fiasco: Why Modern Architecture Hasn't Worked. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974. This work is a thought-provoking critique of the architecture and theory of the 20th century Modernist Movement. Blake's book is particularly good at showing the social and economic downsides to building super cities and suburbs and superhighways.

Blake, Peter. God's Own Junkyard: The Planned Deterioration of America's Landscape. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. This book is a pictorial essay about the United States of the 1960s with a special emphasis on the roadscape and billboards. Blake quotes Henry Ford: "I will build a motor car for the great multitude ... so low in price that no man ... will be unable to own one -- and enjoy with his family the blessings of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces," and shows in his photographs what has happened to those great open spaces.

Brambella, Roberto and Gianni Longo. For Pedestrians Only: Planning, Design and Management of Traffic Free Zones. New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1977. This book looks at selected examples of traffic-free zones in Europe and the United States from after World War II to the 1970s.

Brumbach, Jr., Richard O.; William E. Borah; an afterword by Diane L. Donley. The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway Controversy. University: Published for the Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University of Alabama Press, 1981. This book chronicles the decades-long "Freeway War" resulting from Robert Moses' 1946 "Arterial Plan for New Orleans," which called for an elevated riverway expressway through the French Quarter.

Burby, John. The Great American Motion Sickness, or Why You Can't Get There from Here. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971. This book describes the groundswell of opposition in the 1960s to highways proposed to go through heavily urbanized areas.

Caro, Robert A. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf, 1974. In his career pioneering the building of parkways and expressways, Robert Moses' projects displaced over a quarter of a million people and set the seeds for the "freeway revolts" of the 1960s and 1970s. See especially p. 850-884 on the Cross Bronx Expressway controversy. However, Moses' parkways used environmental design standards which are largely unrivaled even today.

Carson, Rachael. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1962. A classic environmental work that is a wakeup call to the misuse of pesticides, which until this time had been viewed as a "wonder drug" to eradicate disease vectors and eliminate agricultural pests.

Cohen, Joel E. How Many People Can the Earth Support? New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. Not until the end of the 20th century has any human being lived through a doubling of the world population. This book is a thought-provoking work on the uniqueness of the present and what it may mean for choices for human carrying capacity in the 21st century.

Commoner, Barry. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Commoner's book is a groundbreaking classic on the misuse of technology and its impact on the environment.

Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design. Cities: The Forces that Shape Them. New York: Rizzoli, 1982. Offers multiple interpretations and views for cultivating urban spaces by a variety of authors. This book is one of the best in the field, artfully combining land use planning with social studies.

Dana, Samuel, Trask. Forest and Range Policy: Its Development in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1956. Appendix 2, p. 372-425, has a comprehensive "Chronological Summary of Important Events in the Development of Colonial and Federal Policies Relating to Natural Resources."

Design Council and the Royal Town Planning Institute. Streets Ahead. New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1979. Offers interesting insights to improve the urban environment through good street design, based on the experience and perspectives of British town planners and urban designers.

Dunn Jr., James A. Driving Forces: The Automobile, its Enemies, and the Politics of Mobility. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Dunn argues for mobility based on the automobile, but calls for innovations that could reduce the environmental costs associated with this mode of travel. To achieve this end, he argues that the federal trust fund in its current form, based largely on gasoline taxes, has served its need in building a highway system and should be replaced by a new principle of taxing motor fuels for general revenue and not solely for road funds.

Ehrlich, Paul R. The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968. A classic work warning about unchecked population growth.

Epstein, Ralph C. The Automobile Industry: Its Economic and Commercial Development. 1928. New York: Arno Press, 1972. This book provides an early look at the economic history of the automobile industry. The author has tables throughout the book and an appendix showing the growth of the automobile industry until 1926.

Flannery, Tim. The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001. This is a sweeping ecological history from 45 million years ago to the present.

Fleming, Ronald Lee; Lauri A. Halderman. On Common Ground: Caring for Shared Land from Town Common to Urban Park. Harvard: The Harvard Common Press, 1982. Provides a history of New England greens and town commons and offers guidelines for their maintenance and use.

Flink, James J. America Adopts the Automobile, 1895-1910. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1970. This work gives a good overview of the early social and business history of the automobile.

Fogelson, Robert M. Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880-1950. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. One chapter is entitled, "Wishful Thinking: Downtown and the Automotive Revolution," which examines the attitude of many business leaders in the first half of the 20th century who viewed improved access as the key to the continuing vitality of the downtown.

Forman, Richard T.T., Sperling, Daniel, et al. Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press. 2003. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the myriad environmental concerns related to surface transportation planning and project development, but is perhaps most noteworthy for its call for a new field of study, "road ecology," which is intended to encourage students and researchers in non-traditional disciplines to consider the scientific and policy relationships between transportation and ecology, and to employ collaboration as an essential problem-solving tool. The book includes 14 coauthors (four transportation specialists, one hydrologist, and nine ecologists).

Foster, Mark S. From Streetcar to Superhighway: American City Planners and Urban Transportation 1900-1940. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981. This work weaves together the history of city planning and urban transportation between 1900-1940, and documents early planners' belief that the automobile would assist in solving the acute problem of congestion in the urban core by allowing people to move to the suburbs. Foster has written a very readable and well-documented history.

Freund, Peter and George Martin. The Ecology of the Automobile. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1993. The authors argued that given the high social costs associated with the automobile, we should reduce our dependence on the use of these vehicles. As part of their solution, they called upon cities to be redesigned so as to achieve greater proximity in living, work, and recreational space.

Garreau, Joel. Edge City: Life in on the New Frontier. New York: Doubleday, 1988. In the late 20th century, a new form of urbanism developed, largely based on the automobile, between the suburbs and the older urban core. Garreau popularized the term "edge city" for this new development.

Goodman, Paul and Percival. Communities: Means of Livelihood and Ways of Life. New York: Vintage Books, 1947. Though written over 50 years ago, this book provides a social blueprint for self-sustaining communities of the 21st century.

Gordon, Deborah. Steering a New Course: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment. Washington , D.C.: Island Press, 1991. This work from the Union of Concerned Scientists is a good overview of air pollution, energy consumption, and innovative transportation strategies and policy options up to 1990.

Greene, David L. and Danilo J. Santini, eds. Transportation and Global Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 1993. This book provides a good overview of greenhouse gas emissions and the role of transportation in contributing to this problem as well as the potential to reduce this global problem. The first chapter compares U.S. highway vehicle trends in an international context. Chapter Two provides an international perspective on transportation and energy use between 1970 and 1988.

Harrison, Paul and Fred Pearce. AAAS Atlas of Population & Environment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. The atlas is a well-illustrated guide on the impact of population resource use and ecosystem balance.

Hays, Samuel P. Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1987. This work is a classic in the field of environmental history. It examines how President Theodore Roosevelt, his Forestry Chief, Gifford Pinchot, and others at the beginning of the 20th century sought to apply science and technology in the planning and management of natural resource use. They were optimistic that through scientific management exercised by centralized authority, sustained yields would be achieved and waste and misuse of natural resources eliminated. In the later half of the 20th century this view collided with the unmet local and grassroots democratic needs. There are many parallels between the conservation movement and the development of centrally-run state highway departments under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1916, staffed by trained surveyors and engineers.

Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959. This book looks at the political, social, and economic aspects of environmental issues.

Hilton, George W. and John F. Due. The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960. The electric interurban railways are an almost forgotten bridge between the era of the steam railroad and the rise of the automobile. Hilton and Due provide perhaps the best systematic look at the rapid rise and fall of this industry and the lessons it provides.

Howard, Ebenezer. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, 1965. This little book, written over a century ago, is a classic in land-use planning. Howard, through his concept of "garden cities," sought to outline the criteria for balanced self-sustaining communities planned to have uncongested residential space, industry, open space, and an agricultural belt. Howard wrote his work in England before the automobile rose to prominence. In the United States, with the rapid rise of automobile use in the first half of the 20th century, Howard's ideal for a community gave way to single-purpose residential suburban development.

Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. This book examines the development of suburbia in the United States, the critical role that commuter railroads, the trolley, and automobile played in this process, and the decline of the walking city.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books, 1961. A classic work on the social significance of the building blocks of cities (the first three chapters are on the uses of sidewalks) by an author activist who opposed Robert Moses' Cross Bronx Expressway.

Jasper, James M. Restless Nation: Starting Over in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000. Jasper's book "is about the peculiarity in American character that encourages us to see moving as a solution to most of our problems." (IX)

Kelley, Ben. The Pavers and the Paved. New York: Donald W. Brown Inc., 1971. This book gives a history of the interstate highway program in the 1950s and 1960s, analyzes its administration and the policy assumptions behind it, and recommends policy changes in the transportation field. Though the book is highly critical of the interstate highway program, it provides a wealth of information about the early history of opposition to the construction of the interstate highways, not readily found elsewhere, by an author who was a political appointee in charge of public affairs for the federal road program in the U.S. Department of Transportation from 1967 to 1969.

Krier, James E. and Edmund Ursin. Pollution and Policy: A Case Essay on California and Federal Experience with Motor Vehicle Air Pollution, 1940-1975. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. This work by two legal scholars focuses on the role of the automobile in causing air pollution and the resulting state and federal response.

Krueckberg, Donald A., editor. Introduction to Planning History in the United States. New Brunswick, New Jersey: The Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, 1983. This book is an engaging history of land use planning and zoning in the United States.

Le Corbusier. Etchells, Frederick, Trans. The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press, 1929. This is a classic work on the reinvention of city forms by the 20th century's leading architectural theoritician. Le Corbusier's style is polemical. He opens his book by stating: "A City: It is the grip of man upon nature. It is a human operation directed against nature ..." (1) He is one of the early writers to view streets as arteries and the circulatory lifelines of the city: "And from the fact that the street is no longer a track for cattle but a machine for traffic, an apparatus of its circulation, a new organ, a construction in itself and of the utmost importance . . ." (123) LeCorbusier's modernistic vision of tall buildings and expressways can be seen in countless examples all over the world. But did this vision merely create "geometrical barracks" of urban malaise and unimaginable traffic jams?

Leavitt, Helen. Superhighway-Superhoax. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1970. This work sets forth highway battles in Boston and New York (Lower Manhattan Expressway; Hudson River Expressway) among others in the 1960s.

Leopold, Aldo. A Sand County Almanac. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949. This is a classic mid-20th-century book championing a land ethic and wilderness preservation by Aldo Leopold who helped create the first wilderness area in the United States and founded the study of wildlife ecology.

Lewis, Tom. Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life. New York: Viking, 1997. Lewis tells the story of the planning and controversy surrounding the building of the Interstate Highway System, the largest engineered structure built in the United States. In his opening to his second chapter, Lewis quotes Henry Ford: "A great many things are going to change. We shall turn out to be masters rather than servants of Nature." (25) And indeed, according to Lewis, the building of the Interstate Highway System created more change in the second half of the 20th century than any other activity.

Lomborg, Bjørn. The Skeptical Environmentalist." Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press, August 2001. This work challenges widely held beliefs that the environmental situation is getting worse and worse. The author, himself a former member of Greenpeace, is critical of the way in which many environmental organisations make selective and misleading use of the scientific evidence. Using the best available statistical information from internationally recognised research institutes, Bjørn Lomborg systematically examines a range of major environmental problems that feature prominently in headline news across the world.

MacKaye, Benton. The New Explanation: A Philosophy of Regional Planning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1928, 1962. This is a pioneering work on regional planning by the originator of the Appalachian Trail from Maine to Georgia and a co-founder of the Wilderness Society. In the opening pages of his work, he poses the following questions:

.... Here is a significant and decisive question for this generation. Can we make of this time and century something better than . . . a chaos of industrial cross-purposes? We find ourselves in the shoes of our forefathers: their job was to unravel the . . . wilderness of nature; ours is to unfold the wilderness of civilization. Or are we to be lost in the jungle of industrialism? Are . . . the elements of water and steam and fire to remain our masters, or will they become our "servants for noble ends"? Are we . . . going to let it ride on us? These questions promise to be answered one way or the other during the present century. The . . . answer depends, for one thing, on our ability to comprehend the old and new forces that surround us. What can we learn from . . . the comprehenders, the explorers, the guides, of the past? (24-25)

Though written nearly 75 years ago, these are very much open questions for the 21st century. An appendix to this work is a gem of an essay entitled "The Townless Highway." Written in 1930, MacKaye notes:

.... Motor traffic and pedestrian "living" do not go together. To insulate each activity is a prime condition for speed and convenience on the one hand, and for safety and peace of mind, to say nothing of freedom from noise and carbon monoxide, on the other. (229)

Marsh, George Perkins. Lowenthal, David, edt. Man and Nature: Or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965. Originally published in 1864. Marsh is one of the great American Renaissance figures of the 19th century, and in this work he sought to put down everything he knew. Of critical importance was his view that American expansionism in the west and industrialization could be indefinitely sustained without a conservation ethic.

Martinson, Tom. American Dreamscape: The Pursuit of Happiness in Postwar Suburbia. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 2000. The majority of Americans, 138,000,000, now reside in suburbs. Unlike many other analysts, Martinson shows the positive side of the post World War II growth of suburbanization.

McHarg, Ian L. Design with Nature. New York: Natural History Press, 1969. This is a beautifully written and illustrated work on environmental design principles, which examines how they can be applied to highway construction. McHarg opens his study with the following observation: "If one accepts the simple proposition that nature is the arena of life and that a modicum of knowledge of her processes is indispensable for survival and rather more for existence, health and delight, it is amazing how many apparently difficult problems present ready resolution." (7) He calls for highways to be viewed as multipurpose facilities rather than single purpose, whose location should not be determined merely by shortest distance and predetermined geometric standards, but in the "context of the physical, biological and social processes within its area of influence." (32) Contrast this view with the architect Le Corbusier who wrote in his forward to The City of Tomorrow: "Geometry is the means, created by ourselves, whereby we perceive the external world and express the world within us. Geometry is the foundation. . . . Machinery is the result of geometry. The age in which we live is therefore essentially a geometrical one." (1)

McNeill, J.R. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. This book is a well-written overview of the environmental history of the past century.

McShane, Clay. Down the Asphalt Path: The Automobile and the American City. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. This is a well-written and amply documented history of the relationship between the rise of the automobile and urbanization.

McShane, Clay. The Automobile: A Chronology of Its Antecedents, Development and Impact. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. This book is an exhaustive chronology of the automobile providing many descriptive entries that are not easily found elsewhere.

Meadows, Donnella H.; Dennis L. Meadows; Jorgen Randers; and William W. Behrens III. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe, 1972. This is a classic work which ignited debate over the computer models projecting the impact of population growth, resource use and pollution and the challenge to achieve ecological balance without overshooting earth's limits.

Melosi, Martin, V. ed. Pollution and Reform in American Cities, 1870-1930. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980. Insightful essays on how 19th century public health concerns evolved into environmental awareness and programs of the 20th century. Topics covered include urban water supply systems, waste water problems, clean air, refuse, noise and the role of sanitary engineers and women in improving urban sanitation programs. This short work contains a wealth of information, including how road building was seen as a solution to improved sanitation and an improved urban environment.

Mohl, Raymond A. ed. The Making of Urban America. Wilmington, Delaware: S.R. Books, 1988. This work is a collection of essays on issues surrounding the development of American cities from colonial times through the 20th century.

Mumford, Lewis. The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1961. This is one of the classic texts on urban history by a scholar who feared the impacts of technology.

Mumford, Lewis. The Highway and the City. New York: New American Library, 1963. This work is a collection of essays on problems that mid-century cities such as New York and Philadelphia faced with modern architecture and highway planning.

Nader, Ralph. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile. New York: Grossman, 1965, 1972. This is one of the first books to highlight consumer interest and concern on the safety of products, particularly the automobile.

Nash, Roderick. The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation. 2nd edition, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1968. This is an excellent anthology explaining the growth of the idea of conservation from the 19th century through the early 1970s by the historian who coined the term "environmental history."

Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind. Revised edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967. This is a classic study of the history of wilderness values.

Nye, David E. American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1994. David Nye's work contrasts the natural sublime with the technological and includes studies on the Erie Canal, the railroad, and the Brooklyn Bridge.

Nye, David E. Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1990. The widespread use of electricity and the automobile have dominated change in American life in the 20th century. This book shows how electricity culturally and socially affected the American way of life.

Odum, Eugene. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia. W. B. Saunders Company, 1971. This book is one of the pioneering works on ecology.

Ophuls, William. Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity: Prologue to a Political Theory of the Steady State. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1977. This book is a well-written work on the politics and need for a steady state society. It contains much thought for the 21st century.

Opie, John. Nature's Nation: An Environmental History of the United States. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998. This is a comprehensive text providing a fine overview of American environmental history.

Opie, John. The Law of the Land: Two Hundred Years of American Farmland Policy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. This is a solid work on land use, public lands history, and agricultural policy.

Passmore, John. Man's Responsibility for Nature: Ecological Problems and Western Traditions. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974. This superb study is a philosophical quest on the environmental problems of pollution, conservation preservation and multiplication, and calls for a new stewardship based on a sensuous attitude to the world for only "if men can first learn to look sensuously at the world will they learn to care for it." (189)

Penna, Anthony N. Nature's Bounty: Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999. This survey focuses on four topics: forests, wildlife habitat, water, and air quality. It is one of the best textbooks on environmental history and is very readable.

Percival, Robert V.; and Dorothy C. Levizatos. Law and the Environment: A Multidisciplinary Reader. Philadelphia. Temple University Press, 1997. This text provides a good overview of environmental law and policy.

Petulla, Joseph M. American Environmental History: The Exploitation and Conservation of Natural Resources. San Francisco: Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company, 1977. This text provides a well-written overview of environmental history. It contains a chapter "Solving Problems of Capital and Transport" for the new nation and is one of a few works to focus on both transportation and environmental issues.

Pursell, Carroll. The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. This is a well-written survey of how technology in the United States has been applied to create an economic empire and social beginning over how we live. Part I of this book is entitled "The Transit of Technology" and contains a chapter on transportation. This book should be essential reading for both students of engineering and the environment.

Relph, Edward. The Modern Urban Landscape. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. Relph is a professor of geography who looks at the built environment through architecture, technology, and planning with unusual insights of its social and aesthetic components. He explores coherently how highway design in the 20th century changed from the complexity of streets and parkways to the uniform, rationale of the highway and expressway.

Rome, Adam. The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2001. This book examines suburban growth from 1945 to 1970 and argues that this migration is one of the critical factors leading to the development of environmental awareness and ultimately the environmental movement of the second half of the 20th century.

Rose, Mark H. Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1939-1989. Revised edition. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1990. This book looks at the various interest groups and how their competing approaches shaped the development of the interstate highway system.

Rudofsky, Bernard. Streets for People: A Primer for Americans. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1969. This work is a superb, richly illustrated, cultural history of the street. Rudofsky, using examples from 12 countries, particularly Italy, examines the street as a way of life, of providing social cohesion, and of being the essence of urbanity against the backdrop of an American "street-alienated nation." (316) Rudofsky's view is radically different from the usual view of looking at roads from the perspective of speed and mobility.

Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement, 1962-1992. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. This book provides an overview of the environmental movement and some of its popularize[r]s from 1962-1972.

Santos, Miguel A. The Environmental Crisis. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. This book provides a good summary of 20th century events and environmental issues, particularly population issues and self-sustaining environmental systems. This is a good beginning source book with a chronology, biographies of selected activists in the environmental field, excerpts from primary sources, and a useful annotated bibliography.

Scheffer, Victor B. The Shaping of Environmentalism in America. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991. Scheffer examines how the civil rights, anti-war, war on poverty, consumer protection, and feminist movements all played a role in the development of environmental consciousness of the 1960s and 1970.

Schiffer, Michael Brian. Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile in America. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. This book examines the history and potential for electric vehicles in the United States. Schiffer argues that early 20th century electric vehicles were favored by women over gasoline powered cars because they were easier to start, quieter, and produced no fumes.

Scully, Vincent. American Architecture and Urbanism. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1969. From the Pueblo's Mesa Verde (circa 1200) to Canada's Habitat at the Montreal Exposition of 1967, Vincent Scully's superbly written and illustrated work is one of the great classics of architectural and urban history. Throughout his essay, Scully examines and re-examines the theme of mobility and the American passion "to equate physical dispersion with political freedom." (88)

Seely, Bruce E. Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987. This book examines the development of highway policy from 1890 to 1956 and how, largely through consensus, the Bureau of Public Roads shaped that policy. This work studies the interaction of engineering expertise and the sharing of power through federalism between the states and the federal government, and the use of cooperative professional forums to achieve consensus and standardization.

Shaw, Ronald E. Erie Water West: A History of the Erie Canal 1792-1854. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1966. This is a comprehensive history of the building of the nation's first major transportation facility.

Smith, Henry, Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1950. This is a classic work on the West as an agrarian utopia and its mythology as the "garden of the word." Smith opens his book with a chapter called "A Highway to the Pacific: Thomas Jefferson and the Far West."

Stilgoe, John. Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. This book examines the role of railroads in the growth of American cities and culture from the 1880s to the 1930s.

Stradling, David. Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmental Lists, Engineers, and Air Quality in America, 1881-1951. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. This book examines the early genesis for the push for clean air, which was championed in the late 19th century by civic organizations largely made up of women. Over time city governments responded by retaining as experts engineers, who saw smoke abatement in technological and economic terms as a way to reduce waste rather than as a program to promote beauty, health, cleanliness, and morality. Power in turn shifted away from the women reformers to the engineers most of whom were largely male.

Tarr, Joel A. and Gabriel Dupery, eds. Technology and the Rise of the Networked City in Europe and America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. This book has chapters on how urban transportation, water, waste removal, energy, and communication systems developed in the United States and Europe between 1800 and 1950.

Tarr, Joel A., comp. Retrospective Assessment of Wastewater Technology in the United States: 1800-1972. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.: 1977. Despite the heavy title, this is an engaging work on the various historical approaches to the health and pollution problems associated with wastewater. This work examines the conflicts between sanitary engineers and public health physicians; engineering values and the selection of technology; and the rise to prominence of the federal government in this area.

Taylor, George Rogers. The Transportation Revolution 1815-1860. Volume IV, The Economic History of the United States. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc., 1951. Taylor's work is a transportation classic demonstrating how steam-powered transport revolutionized transportation, the use of land, population distribution, and economic development and transformed the country into a continental nation. Well-researched annotated bibliography, p. 399-438.

Teaford, Jon C. City and Suburb: The Political Fragmentation of Metropolitan America 1850-1970. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1979. Teaford is a legal historian who examines the political and legal tensions between the city and the suburb.

Trachtenberg, Alan. Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. This short historical work on the bridge, its cultural symbolism and the engineers behind it, the Roebling family, shines with brilliance. The author mixes engineering history, environmental history, and cultural studies effortlessly, providing new insight on every page.

Tunnard, Christopher and Boris Pushkarev. Man-Made America: Chaos or Control? New York: Harmony Books, 1963. Though written 40 years ago, this book is still highly relevant with its well-written essays and beautifully done illustrations on the aesthetics of the 20th century urban landscape. Chapter 3 entitled, "The Paved Ribbon: The Esthetic of Freeway Design" is a gem on the history of freeway design and should be required reading for transportation design professionals.

Warner, Jr., Sam Bass. Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston (1870-1900). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978. This book examines how streetcars in the late 19th century transformed the predominant urban pattern from walking cities to streetcar suburbs.

Wiedenhoeft, Ronald. Cities for People: Practical Measures for Improving Urban Environments. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1981. This book examines how urban design can make cities more livable. One of the central issues treated in this study is transportation and the need to have streets for people.